Caracterización de enfermos operados de cáncer rectal. Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández / Characterization of patients operated of rectal cancer. Teaching Clinic-Surgical Hospital Faustino Pérez Hernández

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de recto se considera una de las neoplasias más frecuentes del siglo XXI, con elevada mortalidad. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes operados de cáncer rectal en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. El universo fue de 97 pacientes de ambos sexos, operados de cáncer rectal. Se obtuvieron los datos de las historias clínicas individuales. Se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, localización específica del tumor, manifestaciones clínicas, características anatomopatológicas y estadios de la enfermedad, técnica quirúrgica empleada y complicaciones postoperatorias durante los primeros siete días. El método estadístico utilizado fue la distribución de frecuencia, en valores absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados: entre los pacientes operados de cáncer rectal, predominaron las personas de 70 a 79 años y el sexo masculino. El recto superior fue el sitio de mayor localización. El sangrado rectal, la expulsión de flemas y los cambios del hábito intestinal fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. El adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado fue la variedad histológica de mayor incidencia, y los estadios que prevalecieron fueron el II y el III. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la resección anterior, y la complicación más frecuente la infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: prevenir los factores de riesgo, sus causas predisponentes y desencadenantes, utilizar los medios diagnósticos convencionales y de avanzada. Detectar y tratar de forma temprana la enfermedad puede lograr mejor calidad de vida en estos pacientes (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: rectal cancer is considered one of the most frequent neoplasia of the 21st century, with high mortality. Objective: to characterize patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery at the Teaching Clinic-Surgical Hospital Faustino Pérez Hernández, of Matanzas, between January 2015 and December 2018. Materials and methods: a descriptive observational study was carried out. The universe was 97 patients of both sexes, who underwent a rectal cancer surgery. Data were obtained from individual medical records. Variables such as age, sex, specific tumor location, clinical manifestations, anatomopathologic characteristics and stages of the disease, surgical technique used and post-surgery complications during the first seven days were analyzed. The statistical method used was the frequency distribution, in absolute values and percentages. Results: people aged 70-79 years and men predominated among patients with rectal cancer. The upper rectum was the site of most common location. Rectal bleeding, phlegm expulsion, and changes in bowel habit were the most frequent symptoms. Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most prevalent histological variety, and the stages that prevailed were II and III. The most commonly used surgical technique was anterior resection, and the most common complication was surgical site infection. Conclusions: to prevent risk factors, their predisposing causes and triggers; to use conventional and advanced diagnostic means. Early detection and treatment of the disease can achieve better quality of life in these patients (AU).

Osteofibrous Dysplasia-like Adamantinoma Mimicking Bone Metastasis in a Patient With Rectosigmoid Cancer

@#A patient with underlying rectosigmoid cancer presented with solitary bone lesion at left tibia. Eventhough, solitary bone metastasis particularly in the appendicular skeleton is rare in rectosigmoid cancer, it remained as the most likely initial diagnosis. However, after further characterisation by various imaging modalities and subsequent biopsy, the lesion proved to be an osteofibrous dysplasia like-adamantinoma (OFD-like adamantinoma), which is a subtype of adamantinoma. Being a rare primary bone tumour, adamantinoma and its subtypes are infrequently thought of in the initial working diagnosis of a patient with known malignancy who presents with solitary bone lesion. We present here a case of OFD-like adamantinoma in a patient with underlying rectosigmoid cancer, which mimic a metastastic bone lesion.

Rectal cancer and chemoradiation in Iraq: systematic review and meta-analysis / Câncer retal e quimiorradioterapia no Iraque: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Background: Rectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of gastrointestinal tract. Combining chemotherapy with radiotherapy has a sound effect on its management. Objectives: Assessment the patterns of characterizations of rectal cancer. Evaluation of the efficacy, and long-term survival of pre-/ postoperative chemoradiation. Collecting all eligible evidence articles and summarize the results. Methods: By this systematic review and meta-analysis study, we include data of chemoradiation of rectal cancer articles from 2015 until 2019. The research was carried out at Baghdad Medical City oncology centers. Accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale used. Results: Starting with gender distribution as M:F ratio of 0.94:1.06. Regarding the age, recorded mean ± SD of 48.7 ± 14.2 years. Rectosigmoid represented the most common site as 50(49.5%), and adenocarcinoma was common histopathology as 76(75.2%) of patients, with localized stage in 50(49.5%). The moderate differentiation was most grade as 65(64.4%). The distant from anal verge mostly seen was 5-10 cm in 59(58.4%). The pulmonary was commonest site of metastasis in 11(10.9%). Most patients undergo APR operation, which has done in 41(40.6%). Adjuvant chemoradiation received by 40(39.6%) patients, whereas neoadjuvant chemoradiation gave to 25 patients. A total of 2609 articles from 12 databases met our search strategies. The highest Newcastle-Ottawa score (8) demonstrated in three studies, and median score (7) calculated in five studies. Conclusions: The incidence belonged to 5th and 6th decade of life. Rectosigmoid represented the most common site. Mostly, the 5-10 cm distant of tumor from anal verge was common finding. The pulmonary was most site of metastasis. We concluded the formulation of a novel point that survival benefit found in many pre or postoperative chemoradiation trials in rectal cancer.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer retal é um dos tumores malignos mais comuns do trato gastrointestinal. A combinação de quimioterapia e radioterapia em seu tratamento é eficaz. Objetivos: Avaliar os padrões de caracterização do câncer retal. Avaliar a eficácia e sobrevida a longo prazo em pacientes submetidos a quimiorradioterapia pré- ou pós-operatória. Coletar todos os artigos de evidências qualificados e resumir os resultados. Métodos: Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise incluiu dados de ensaios clínicos randomizados por cluster de 2015 até 2019. A pesquisa foi realizada nos centros de oncologia do Baghdad Medical City. As diretrizes PRISMA e a escala de Newcastle-Ottawa foram utilizadas para avaliar os estudos. Resultados: Quanto à distribuição por sexo, observou-se uma relação homem:mulher de 0,94:1,06. Em relação à idade, a média ± DP foi de 48,7 ± 14,2 anos. O retossigmoide fpo o local mais comum em 50 pacientes (49,5%); a histopatologia mais comum foi adenocarcinoma, observada em 76 pacientes (75,2%), com estágio localizado em 50 (49,5%). Diferenciação moderada foi observada em 65 pacientes (64,4%). A distância da borda anal variou entre 5 e 10 cm em 59 pacientes (58,4%). O pulmão foi o local mais comum de metástase, sendo observado em 11 pacientes (10,9%). A maioria dos pacientes (41 [40,6%]) foi submetida à ressecção abdominoperineal. Um total de 40 pacientes (39,6%) foram submetidos a quimiorradioterapia adjuvante e 25, a quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante. Na revisão da literatura, foram encontrados 2.609 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de pesquisa utilizados em 12 bancos de dados. Três estudos atingiram o escore máximo na escala de Newcastle-Ottawa (8); cinco estudos atingiram o escore mediano (7). Conclusões: No presente estudo, a maior incidência de câncer retal foi observada entre a quinta e sexta décadas de vida. O retossigmoide foi o sítio tumoral mais comum. A maioria dos tumores estava localizado entre 5 a 10 cm de distância da margem anal. O pulmão foi o local mais importante de metástase. No presente estudo, quimiorradioterapia pré- ou pós-operatória estava relacionada a uma maior sobrevida em casos de câncer retal.

Recto-sigmoid lipoma: a case report and review of the literature / Lipoma retossigmoide: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Lipomas are a growth of fat cells in a fibrous capsule. They are most common in noncancerous tissues. Lipoma of rectum is uncommon and the most common sit of its origin is the perinanal region. Rarely they could cause rectal bleeding. In this study, we have reported a 53-yrs old man who had been referred to the hospital with symptoms of abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and the problem in bowel movement. Rectal prolapsed with solitary rectal were observed during the clinical observation. Colonoscopy, CT-Scan and MRI were performed for the patient and the results showed a mass suggestive to lipoma which was located in recto/sigmoid region. He underwent the surgery. Intra operative findings showed several soft masses in rectum and a large mass with dimension of 10 cm × 10 cm in sigmoid. Low anterior resection was performed for him and pathology diagnosis was lipoma.

RESUMO Lipomas são um crescimento de adipócitos em uma cápsula fibrosa. Essas formações são mais comuns em tecidos não cancerosos. O lipoma do reto é de rara ocorrência, e o local mais comum para sua origem é a região perianal. Raramente essas formações podem causar sangramento retal. Nesse estudo, descrevemos um paciente, homem, 53 anos, que foi encaminhado ao hospital com sintomas de dor abdominal, sangramento retal e problemas nos movimentos intestinais. Ao exame clínico, foram observados prolapso retal com solitária do recto. Foi realizada uma colonoscopia e obtidos estudos de TC e IRM; os resultados demonstraram uma massa sugestiva de lipoma, localizada na região retossigmoide. O paciente foi encaminhado à cirurgia. Os achados intraoperatórios demonstraram várias massas macias no reto e uma grande massa que media 10 cm × 10 cm no sigmoide. Foi realizada a ressecção anterior e o diagnóstico da patologia foi lipoma.

Importancia de la polipectomía videoendoscópica en el tratamiento de los pólipos de la región rectosigmoidea / Videoendoscopic Polypectomy Importance in the Treatment of Polyps of Rectosigmoid Region

Introducción: la polipectomía endoscópica rectocólica provoca una revoluciónn el tratamiento del tumor cólico benigno, es el procedimiento más frecuentemente utilizado en el manejo de los pólipos, su propósito es la exéresis de toda lesión y dejar la cirugía convencional para los pólipos que con una simple polipectomía no es suficiente, constituye un procedimiento de rutina seguro, rápido y eficaz. Objetivos: evaluar los resultados de la polipectomía endoscópica realizado en el hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Valorar la importancia de la rectosigmoidoscopía en la detección y tratamiento oportuno de lesiones premalignas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de serie de casos a 51 pacientes que fueron sometidos a polipectomía videoendoscópica rectosigmoidea, en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009, en el Servicio de Coloproctología el Hospital Provincial Docente Vladimir Ilich Lenin de Holguín. Resultados: los pólipos son más frecuentes en la mujer (60,8 %) y mayor de 60 años (35,3 %). Las pérdidas hemáticas (37,3 %) fue la forma de presentación más frecuente. De las características morfológicas de los pólipos la forma sésil (52,9 %) y de pequeño tamaño (54,9 %), localización en el recto (60,8 %) es la más recuente y los solitarios (86,3 %) aparecen con mayor predominio. Los adenomas simples (64,7 %) son los más comunes y en un porcentaje de estos se puede encontrar cierto grado de displasia (31,4 %). Conclusiones: Los pólipos son bastante frecuentes, se dispone de un método fácil de extirpación mediante polipectomía por técnica con asa de diatermia y no se reportaron complicaciones, ni recidivas.

Introduction: endoscopic rectocolic polypectomy causes a revolution in the treatment of benign colic tumor and is the most frequently used procedure in the management of polyps. The purpose of the polypectomy is the removal of any injury and leave conventional surgery for polyps with a simple polypectomy is not enough, it is a safe, fast and efficient routine procedure. Objectives: to evaluate the results of endoscopic polypectomy performed at Vladimir Ilich Lenin hospital. Assess the importance of rectosigmoidoscopy for detection and treatment of premalignant lesions. Method: a retrospective study of cases series was performed in 51 patients who underwent video-endoscopic rectosigmoid polypectomy, in the period from September 2008 to December 2009, at the Department of Coloproctology of Vladimir Ilich Lenin Provincial Teaching Hospital of Holguin. Results: polyps are more common in women (60.8 %) and older than 60 years (35.3 %). Blood loss (37.3 %) was the most common presentation. From the morphological characteristics of sessile polyps form (52.9 %) and small (54.9 %) location in the rectum (60.8 %) is the most common and solitary (86.3 %) predominated. Simple adenomas (64.7 %) are the most common and a percentage of these a degree of dysplasia can be found (31.4 %). Conclusions: polypectomy technique was employed by loop diathermy technique and neither complications nor recurrences were reported.

pidemiologic study of 80 patients with ulcerative colitis referred to Imam Hospital in Ardabil city during 2004-2011.

Background: Ulcerative colitis is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases with unknown etiology. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to be effective in this disease. The aim of this study is to assessment of demographic features and clinical symptoms of ulcerative colitis patients refereed to Emam hospital in Ardabil city. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 80 cases of ulcerative colitis referred to Emam hospital in Ardabil city were evaluated during 2004-2011. The diagnosis was confirmed based on clinical features, colonoscopy, and pathology and resulting of other causes. Data were collected through direct interview and analyzed by statistical method in SPSS software. Results: Mean age of patients was 36.4 (SD=18.4). Duration of symptoms onset until diagnosis was 8 months. Male to female ratio was 0.8/1. 38(47.5%) of patients were male and 42 (52.5%) were female. 3 (3.75%) of patients have history of positive UC and 4 (5%) history of appendectomy. According to colonoscopy finding, 1 (1.25%) have rectum involvement, 27 (33.75%) recto sigmoid, 23 (28.75%) left side colon and 4 (5%) have pan colitis. Conclusion: Results showed that in compare with other places, clinical signs of ulcerative colitis in Ardabil province are different and so doing other d epidemiologic studies based on population to determine incidence and prevalence ulcerative colitis in Ardabil province is necessary.

Laparoscopic-Assisted Transanal Endorectal Pull-Through for Segmental Dilatation of Rectosigmoid Colon in a Child

Congenital segmental dilatation of the colon is a very rare entity of unknown etiology, characterized by a localized dilatation of a bowel segment of the colon of variable length and an abrupt transition between the normal and dilated intestine. It can affect any part of the colon, with the rectosigmoid colon being the most commonly affected site. The clinical and radiological features may resemble that of Hirschsprung disease, but differ in that the normal ganglion cells are found in the dilated and normal segment of the colon. We performed laparoscopic-assisted transanal endorectal pull-through for segmental dilatation of rectosigmoid colon in an 8-year-old boy with chronic constipation since the age of 5 months.

Vaginal Reconstruction with Laparoscopic-perineal Rectosigmoid Colpopoiesis in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome: A Case Report

PURPOSE: Various operations have been proposed to compensate for congenital absence of the vagina using ileal or colonic interposition. These methods involve laparotomy, which shows postoperative complications such as long scar and delayed recovery. One case of neovagina reconstruction with laparoscopic rectosigmoid colpopoiesis in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is presented to avoid laparotomic complications. METHODS: Laparoscopic surgery was performed in a 27-year-old MRKH syndrome patient. After a cruciate incision, blunt dissection through two-finger wide space was created between the bladder and the rectum. A 14-cm rectosigmoid segment vascularized by a branch of sigmoid artery was isolated by laparoscopy. The distal end was sutured with vaginal vestibule mucosa. A continuity of intestine was restored by circular end-to-end proximate curved intraluminal stapler CDH29(R) through perineal opening. RESULTS: Total operation time was 4 hr 15 min. Normal walking and ingestion were possible within 3 days and 4 days after surgery. The hospital stay was 7 days and the patient was followed up for 6 months. The neovaginal introitus was wide enough for inserting two fingers, and there has been no narrowing of the neovagina on palpation as confirmed by vaginogram. The patient had functional self-lubricating neovagina without excessive mucous production or the need for routine dilation or unnoticeable scar. CONCLUSION: The successful result of this laparoscopic vaginal reconstruction technique with rectosigmoid segment suggests that this technique can be considered for the option of vaginal reconstruction in girls with the MRKH syndrome.

Treatment Outcomes after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Large Superficial Rectosigmoid Colon Tumors / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of a colorectal tumor is technically difficult. This study aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes of superficial large rectosigmoid tumors after ESD. METHODS: Medical records of 15 patients with large rectosigmoid tumors (more than 30 mm), in which ESD performed, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean tumor size was 42.5+/-14.3 mm (range, 30~78 mm). A histological examination revealed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in five cases (33.3%), adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in six cases (40%), and low-grade dysplasia in four cases (26.7%). The mean procedural time was 90.5+/-60.7 min (range, 22~246 min). The en bloc resection rate was 86.7%, and the complete resection rate 100%. The lateral resection margin was positive in four cases (26.6%), but no cases with a positive vertical margin were observed. Bleeding occurred in three cases (20%), and all were treated successfully using endoscopic measures. Perforations occurred in three cases (20%); two cases were treated by clipping and the other by a laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: ESD is a treatment option for superficial large rectosigmoid tumors. Further studies with larger cases and a longer term follow-up are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of ESD for colorectal tumors.

Necessary for CT whole abdomen in post chemoradiation of rectosigmoid cancer stage 3: A comparative study.

Objective: To study the reliability of CT Scan interpretation in pre and post operative chemoradiation of rectosigmoid cancer. Methods: Retrospective review CT scan of 12 patients with diagnosis of rectosigmoid cancer stage 3 or more in pre and post operative chemoradiation were done by 2 radiologists. Data analysis included Maximum Wall Thickness, Distance of Lesion above Anal Verge, Perirectal Involvement, Regional node, Distant Metastasis. Chest radiograph (CXR), Endorectal Ultrasound (ERUS), Barium enema ( BE), Colonoscopy and treatment information were reviewed. Results: Reliability of TNM staging by CT scan interpretation were .66, .50 and .75, respectively total reliability is .75 and overall validation of CT scan staging is .40 with statistic significant at .05 reference with Pathological staging. Conclusion: There was CT scan interpretation reliability in pre and post chemoradiation for rectosigmoid cancer patients.

Complete colonic obstruction secondary to endometriosis: A case report

This is the case of a 39 year old female who underwent an urgent laparotomy because of gut obstruction. Intraoperative impression was rectosigmoid carcinoma with frozen pelvis and assessed to be unresectable. hence a transverse colostomy was done. Although subsequent endoscopic and CEA evaluations gave the impression of intestinal endometriosis, malignancy could not be ruled out. Patient was started on Danazol and when it became ineffective, surgical control was contemplated. CT scan of the abdomen was done to assess for possible presence of abdominal malignancy and with a negative report, patient underwent abdominal subtotal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, segmental resection of the rectosigmoid and appendectomy. Transverse colostomy was closed later. The objective of this paper was to report a case of complete rectosigmoid obstruction secondary to endometriosis, in order to demonstrate the difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis and the propensity of colonic endometriosis to mimic colon cancer.

Rupture of the rectosigmoid colon with evisceration of the small bowel through the anus

Spontaneous rupture of the rectosigmoid colon and herniation of the small intestine through the rupture site and eventual evisceration through the anus is a very rare event. In the literature, only 42 cases have been reported. The majority of them occurred in patients with rectal prolapse and one case was reported in association with a third-degree uterine prolapse. We experienced an 81-year-old female patient with rectal prolapse and second-degree uterine prolapse complicated by spontaneous perforation of the rectosigmoid colon and anal evisceration of the small intestine. Segmental resection of the nonviable small intestine, primary repair of the ruptured rectosigmoid colon, and sigmoid loop colostomy were performed, and the patient recovered well. In our patient, both rectal and uterine prolapses cooperatively damaged the anterior wall of the rectosigmoid colon and resulted in perforation. So, rectal and uterine prolapses should be treated before the complication develops. In this patient, uterine prolapse should be treated because of the recurrence of this rare episode.

Significance of rectosigmoid polyp as a predictor of proximal colonic polyp

The association between rectosigmoid polyps and polyps in the more proximal colon is still a matter of debate, and the need for colonoscopy in patients with rectosigmoid polyps that are detected by flexible sigmoidoscopy is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not certain characteristics of rectosigmoid polyps are associated with the presence and characteristics of proximal colonic polyps. Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients who underwent total colonoscopy between October 1995 and June 1998 and who had colorectal polyps were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, familial adenomatous polyposis, or any advanced cancer were excluded. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of prevalence of proximal colonic polyps according to the patients age and sex, as well as the characteristics of rectosigmoid polyps, were calculated. Advanced adenoma was defined as an adenoma larger than 10 mm or an adenoma of any size with villous component, high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. Among 728 patients with colorectal polyps, 356 patients (48.9%) had polyps only in the rectosigmoid region, 193 patients (26.5%) had polyps only in the proximal colon, and 179 patients (24.6%) had polyps in both the rectosigmoid and proximal colon. In 535 patients with rectosigmoid polyps, the prevalence of proximal colonic polyps, neoplastic polyps and advanced adenomas were 33.4%, 27.3% and 2.9%, respectively. The prevalence of proximal colonic polyps in patients with rectosigmoid polyps was found to be significantly related to the male gender and elderly patients, in addition to the neoplastic histology of the rectosigmoid polyps. However, the prevalence of the proximal colonic polyps was not related to the size, number and shape of rectosigmoid polyps. In 179 patients with both rectosigmoid and proximal colonic polyps, the characteristics of proximal colonic polyps such as size, number and shape were similar to those of rectosigmoid polyps. We recommend total colonoscopic examination in all patients with rectosigmoid adenomas, regardless of the size, number, and shape, especially in elderly males.

roded Polypoid Hyperplasia of the Rectosigmoid Colon: Report of 2 cases with special reference to its relation to mucosal prolapse syndrome

Polypoid prolapse of mucosal folds can occur at various sites and in various conditions predominantly associated with strain during defecation. There are two well known types of mucosal prolapse syndrome(MPS), the inflammatory cloacogenic polyp(ICP) and the mucosal redundant polyp associated with diverticular disease(N4RPD). ICP is a mucosal prolapse of the anorectal junction and MRPD is a proximal analogue involving the sigmoid colon. We experienced two cases of eroded polypoid hyperplasia(EPH) of the rectosigmoid colon which manifested as a huge gyriform mass simulating the gross features of gastrointestinal lymphomas or other malignant tumors. The EPH consisted of confluent polypoid mucosal folds with rolled-up submucosa to form stalk, The polypoid lesion represented hyperplastic epithelium, erosion of the mucosal surface and congestive vascular ectasia of lamina propria and submucosa. To explain the whole morphologic features, the initial phenomenon should be the mucosal prolapse. Vascular stretching with ischemic erosion of the mucosal surface and compensatory epithelial hyperplasia ensue as the result. The ominous endoscopic and gross features of EPH should be kept in mind to avoid erroneous radical surgery.

Clinicopathologic comparison of eroded polypoid hyperplasia and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome

We experienced two unusual cases of tumor-like polypoid lesions involving the rectosigmoid colon. They could not be readily classified into any well known polypoid tumors of the rectosigmoid colon, but appeared to have some similarities to the previously documented "eroded polypoid hyperplasia (EPH)". A collective review of our seven cases of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS), which proved to be due to paradoxically over-reactive muscle tone of the puborectalis, was performed, and clinicopathologic comparisons between EPH and SRUS were carried out. They shared histopathologic characteristics such as vascular congestion, crypt hyperplasia, and eroded surface, but they were different from each other in clinical symptoms, location of lesions and gross features. Furthermore, in one EPH case there was an altered much profile which was similar to that seen in SRUS and complete rectal prolapse. Conceivably, the pathological features of both EPH and SRUS were thought to have a possible connection with mucosal prolapse syndrome (MPS). Considering that MPS is a group of diseases encompassing SRUS and the related disorders of the colorectum and the anus, it is speculated that EPH of the rectosigmoid colon might be the proximal analogue of SRUS, a mucosal prolapse of the more distal colon.